MITM (Man in the middle) attack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MITM (Man in the middle) attack - Essay Example The other names for MITM attack are fire brigade, Bucket Brigade, monkey-in-the –middle, TCP hijacking, session hijacking, and TCP session hijacking (Bhatia, 2008) Man-in-the-middle attack can be successful only when the attacker has the ability to impersonate each of the two endpoints to the others satisfaction. Most of the cryptographic protocols involve certain forms of authentication that is designed specifically to prevent the MITM attack. An example of an MITM attack that is successful against the public key encryption is as follows: In  an MITM (Man-in-the-Middle) attack, the intruder or an attacker inserts or puts himself between notes of two networks. E.g., considering a successful attack, if a packet is sent to Alice by John, the packet sent passes through or branches through the attacker or intruder Jane first and Jane decides after getting it to forward it to the recipient Alice with modifications or without any; upon receiving the packet, Alice thinks that it come from John. The attack i.e. MITM is bidirectional, hence the same process applies upon Alice sending a packet to John (Samah, et al, 2008) The available techniques for preventing an MITM attack are authentication techniques based on second or secure channel verification, passwords and secret keys, which are strong and secure authentication, latency examination, one-time pads, and carry-forward verification. Secret keys are high information entropy secrets hence more secure while passwords are low information entropy secrets, which are less secure (Stewart, 2008). Long or Extended calculations of Cryptographic hash function, which is a latency examination lead into few seconds and incase both involved parties take twenty seconds, the third party can be indicated since the calculation take sixty seconds to reach to each involved party. One-time pads are resistant or immune to MITM (man-in-the-middle)

Araby by James Joyce Essay Example for Free

Araby by James Joyce Essay What impression of Dublin and its people does James Joyce give in his story Araby? James Augustine Alrysius Joyce, an Irish writer, was born in Dublin 2nd February 1882 and died in Zurich, Switzerland 13th January 1941. He was born into a well-off Catholic family and was the eldest surviving child; two of his siblings died of typhoid. Joyce was originally educated at Clongowes Wood College, a boarding school in County Kildare, which he left at the age of 6 because his father could no longer pay the fees. James Joyce studied at home for a brief period of time before being offered a place in the Jesuits Dublin School. At the age of 16 he rejected Catholicism which changed his life completely. At the age of 20, after graduating from the UDC (University College Dublin) he left for Paris and tried studying different occupations like teaching, journalism and even a doctor. At the age of 21 he returned to Ireland after receiving news that his mother was diagnosed with cancer. After she had died James Joyce became a heavy drinker but gradually stopped as he got over her death. He then stayed in Dublin for a period of time from 1904-1907 writing the Dubliners and also started many other books. The book Dubliners is a collection of short stories and Araby, like all of them, have paralysis meaning that they cant leave Dublin. For example in the short story Clay Maria has the chance to make a new life and leave Dublin but turns it down because she is too scared. This also occurs in A Painful Case and Eveline, as they dont have to courage to leave Dublin. In the short story The Boarding House, Bob Doran wishes to leave Dublin but cant because he is trapped inside marriage. Most of the short stories, unlike Araby, go in circles, for instance, Two Gallants when Lenehan just wanders around Dublin. This also occurs in The Dead because a horse just goes around and around in circles, and also in An Encounter when a pervert tries to stop but end back in the same perverted world. At the end of the short stories James Joyce always write an epiphany, which is a revelation, but in all but one story the revelation is only noticed by the reader but in Araby both the reader and the protagonist the protagonist is the main character have an epiphany an epiphany is a moment of revelation, usually at the end of the story. In the streets of Dublin James Joyce writes them as being blind, meaning that its a dead end and there is nothingness, it also means that you cant escape and there is nowhere to go (there is no way of getting out of Dublin). The main reason is that there is no vision, meaning that you cant see how terrible and run down Ireland really is. He describes all things by the colours brown and yellow that symbolises human excrements. He writes the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns, the word feeble shows that the light is not even strong enough to even penetrate the darkness. Jostled by drunken men and bargaining women, the word bargaining in this case can mean two things. The first meaning of it is that they are just selling items and changing the prices of them, and the second meaning is that the women are bargaining for their bodies, they are prostitutes. There are street singers who sing about the problems in Ireland. Also that weather is always extremely violent, and this is shown by the words cold air stung us, rain impinge upon the earth and the air was pitilessly raw. Religion in Dublin is exceedingly poor. In the second paragraph it says a priest, had died showing that the faith in Dublin has disappeared off the face of the earth. Inside the house of the dead priest there were books that were curled and damp meaning that the interest in them was lost. The books were The Abbot which is a religious story, The Devout Communicant which is a book on how to receive Holy Communion well and the last one The Memoirs of Vidocq which is about a thief. The books are muddled up indicating that religion in Ireland is a sham. When it talks about the priest again it first says very charitable priest making you think that the priest was a good man, and suddenly says in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture of his house to his sister presenting the complete opposite. This means that the priest was only charitable went he knew he was dieing and he wasnt a nice man. In the dead priests wild garden there is an apple tree in the centre signifying the Garden of Eden which is a source of evil. In a bush in the garden, there is a rusty bicycle-pump, this can denote three things. The first description of the bicycle-pump is that there is no escape because, if you cant pump up your tires, then you cant go anywhere. The second explanation represents the snake, or Satan, in the Garden of Eden because the pump is approximately the same size a snake. The last reason, symbolizes a heart, meaning that, because the heart is not pumping, there is no love or life in Dublin, symbolizing that everything is hopeless. A good part in the story when you know that religion is just a phoney in Dublin is when the boys Aunt says Im afraid you may have to put off your bazaar for this night of Our Lord actually saying that he should just forget about it in a nasty way. Although she I using religious word she is using them without kindness, meaning that she is not caring about him. The family life in Dublin isnt very pleasant either. In the beginning of the book, the boy says if my Uncle was seen turning the corner, we hid in the shadow indicating that he doesnt live with his parents, and also that hes scared of him. On the night of the bazaar his Uncle came home late, I heard him talking to himself meaning he was obviously drunk and had forgotten all about Araby. The love in Dublin is bland. For the boy he loves and stalks Mangans sister. She is called thins because he doesnt actually know her name so he names her Mangans sister. He defines her as light because he thinks of Dublin as the dark and Mangans sister as a light to brighten up Dublin. When he looks at her her dress swung as she moved her body, and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side, she is describes as lively and everyone else is not. Followed her, or stalking her is the meaning, I kept her brown figure always in my eye, brown indicating that she is actually just an ordinary person with nothing special about her. Within one paragraph there are five words chalice, prayers, praises, tears and adoration, he describes her with religious word, and because he left Catholicism she is now his secular religion (one without God). She is also like music to his ears because it says my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires. Also showing that he uses her in a secular religion is a sentence saying I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: O love! O love! many times showing that he worships her a lot. At last she spoke to me, this is the moment he was waiting for the whole time. She then talks about Araby and says she cant go. While she was talking to him she turned a sliver bracelet, silver indicating bright. In two sentences he uses six words to describe how radiant and bright she is and how drawn he is to her, they are light, lamp, white, lit, lit and white, repeating white and lit. Waking and sleep thoughts and chafed against the work of school imply that he cant do anything besides thinking about Araby and Mangans sister, and it also says I strove to read hinting the same thing. Lie at the window signals that he stalks and spies on Mangans sister, and he is singing because he is happy about getting Mangans sister a present. Lastly he has a sexual desire for Mangans sister because it says border below the dress suggesting that he is growing quite fast and is into the puberty stage of life. Araby is a fair or, a bazaar which is a foreign word from the east. In the boys eyes, Araby is an exotic place that gets away from all the darkness of Dublin. Also Araby is close to the word Arabia which is in the east signifying that its exotic, rich. And because it is in the east it signifies that the sunrise comes from the east, representing a new day, a new hope, a new light. Also Jesus resurrected in the east, epitomizing a new beginning or day. When he eventually arrives to Araby, he goes around the stalls and finds that most of them are closed. There is one that is open but when he sees the people at the stall he discovers they all speak in English accents indicating that the bazaar is not exotic at all. A young lady, who is probably a prostitute, because she is seen flirting with two men at the same time, asks the boy if he wants to buy anything but he says no, thank you. And from this, all of his dreams end because, the items are too expensive and mundane. At the end of the story there is an epiphany, which is the moment of revelation, to both the reader and the protagonist, because usually the epiphany is only recognisable to the reader. On the second from last paragraph at the end it says complete darkness signifying that all hope is gone. The whole of the last paragraph says gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger, this is the exact moment when he realises that all Dublin was in vain and all he did was in vain. He figures out from this that there actually is no love, no romance and no chivalry.

Comparing Destruction in Steinbecks Flight and Londons To Build a Fir

Journey to Destruction in Steinbeck's Flight and London's To Build a Fire Not many people have to face death in the cold wasteland of the Arctic or rugged mountains of California, but Pepe and "the man" do. Although the ironic destruction of Pepe and the man were caused by relentless forces of nature, their attitudes and reasons for going on their journeys differed. The setting in both stories consisted of extreme climate and conditions. In Flight the climate was desert hot during the day and chilling cold at night. "The Torres family had their farm, a few sloping acres above a cliff that dropped to the brown reefs and to the hissing white waters of the ocean. Behind the farm the stone mountains stood up against the sky." Pepe spent his last days in the mountains where the conditions were harsh. "His throat was almost closed with thirst. He crawled into the heavy brush feeling with his fingers for water. "There was no water in the bed of the stream, only damp earth." In contrast, the climate in "To Build a Fire" was frigidly cold. "Day had broken cold and gray, ...

The Medicine Wheel (Lakota Sioux)

Symbols, such as the medicine wheel, are common among Sioux Indians, especially the Lakota Sioux. The Lakota Sioux believed each section of the medicine wheel had some spiritual significance. To them, the medicine wheel represents enlightenment, growth, strength and knowledge. Each color on the medicine wheel signifies a different season and lifestyle. Inside the circle is a cross shape. The cross symbolizes the four directions, and also the Four Lakota Virtues. The shape of the wheel represents the never ending circle of life and death.It means the Alpha and the Omega, Beginning and End, and to the Lakota Sioux, represents unity in the Great Spirit. One of the four sacred colors found on the medicine wheel is red. It is located at the top left hand side of the four corners. Red symbolizes several things, including north; this (north) symbolizes the passing of the ancient and ancestors. â€Å"North brings cold harsh winds of the winter season† ( ). This cleansing wind causes t he leaves to fall and buries the earth underneath a blanket of snow. Lakota Sioux believed â€Å"..If someone had the ability to face these harsh winds, like the buffalo, they have learned patience and endurance† ( ). The element of the North is Air. Air is movement and†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ freedom – the clearing of thoughts and the carrier that allows us to manifest our dreams† ( ). Air represents the mind. The color red and that section of the wheel also symbolize wisdom. They believed wisdom to be of one of the best qualities, and is usually met in or after death. Red also represents the last part of the lie cycle: afterlifeWhite is the second of the four sacred colors found on the medicine wheel of the Lakota Sioux. It is located at the bottom left corner on the medicine wheel. â€Å"White stands for youth and friendship† ( ). It represents the south. This direction is for warmth and growth since the sun is at its highest peak in the southern sky. â€Å"The sun’s rays are powerful in drawing life from the earth† ( ). The Lakota Sioux believed life of all things come from the south, so this section also represents the second phase of the llie cycle. † The South is where our journey through life begins – with the knowing of self† ( )Yellow is the third of all the sacred colors found on the medicine wheel. Yellow signifies the east where the sun rises. This brings us the energy of adventure. The Lakota Sioux believed this to symbolize family and newborns. This is also the beginning of a new day and a new understanding of life and people. â€Å"On a deeper level, east stands for the wisdom in helping people live good lives† ( ). This section is located at the bottom right corner of the medicine wheel. The element of the East is Fire. Fire is the radiant energy of transformation. Fire contains the great power of expansion† ( ). They believed this section of life is to help us find innocence and p urity. It is a great path among the rode to spirituality. Black is the last color section in the medicine wheel. It is located in the top left hand corner.Black signifies the west, where the sun sets and the day ends. The color is black, not in nothingness, â€Å".. but the black of â€Å"all things†Ã¢â‚¬ ( ). It is the color of mystery and of the unconscious. The Lakota Sioux believed the west the be the source of all water, so this section is vital. The great thunderbird lives in the west and sends thunder and rain from this direction† ( ). Back represents solitude, reflection and growing old. The direction of South was our beginning of knowing who the â€Å"self† is. â€Å"The direction of the West deepens this knowing through dreams and visions of the future† ( ). They believed the element of the West is earth. Earth is passive, receptive and nurturing. A deep connection with earth is needed to bring ourselves into balance with Universe. Black is the second to last part of the life cycle: death.

Dimensions of brand personality or characteristics Essay

As shown in the figure above, the dimensions of brand characteristics include sincerity, competence, excitement, ruggedness and sophistication of the products or services. In this regard, the dimensions can be sued for operationalising the dimensions of the characteristics of the brand structure. Different studies have shown that the characteristic of a specific brand reveals their best characteristic that outperforms their rival brands (Kapferer, 1997). The distinctive brand characteristic provides the brand the ability to be exploited as a channel for self-expression, self-appraisals and self-definition for clients (Karande, Zinkhan & Lum, 1997). In addition, brand characteristic is a context linked with the multidimensional image of a specific brand (Keller, 1993). These imply that the characteristic of the brand will lead to brand image. The brand personality dimensions can be sued evaluate or measure various brand images. It is noted that the brand personality dimension is a well researched context to determine whether the brands is strong and effective (Austin et al, 2003, Phau & Lau, 2000). The most direct and simplest manner which has been recommended in measuring the strength and effectiveness of the brand image is to solicit responses to different questions which pertains to a specific human traits (Keller, 2003). As mentioned above, one of the questions that should be answered in this paper is to determine the characteristics of a strong and effective brand. Different scholars have been able to establish some points to distinguish strong and effective brands. It can be said that a specific brand is strong and effective if such brand have the ability to influence the consumer purchase behaviour. According to Keller (1993), a brand is strong and effective if it has a significant impact on the purchase behaviour and decision making of the target market. In addition, strong brand is a brand which has the ability to retain on the memory and consciousness of the clients associated with their purchasing decision making. Based on the brand concept of a target market, Dobni (1990) regarded brand image as the subjective consciousness phenomenon. Dobni (1990) have realized that it is not easy to understand how brand can retain on the memory and consciousness of the consumer but brand which has a strong image is forming through the reason and perceptual connotation of the consumer. Furthermore, since the image of the brand does not physically exist in the products as well as in the entity, it is mentioned that a strong and effective brand has the ability to influenced and meld by its brand’s declaration of specialties of their content and by the individuals who accept the image throughout the purchase process. Hence, it is more essential consider the image of the brand than the consciousness appeared of fact to know whether the brand is strong and effective. In the explanation made by Aaker (1991), he mentioned that the brand is typically linked with the company in a meaningful manners and its strength and effectiveness is reflected to different attitude of characteristics include the performance of the product, compare price, the interests of the customers, the behaviour of the clients, famous person/s, personality and life style, their competitors, product category, and others. Each of these characteristics has a different degree of intensity to influence the strengths and effectiveness of the brand image. In addition, it can also be noted that strength and effectiveness of brand image of the products or services offered by the company can also bee attributed with the associated brand name to ensure that the clients will purchase the products or services. The characteristics of a strong and effective brand can be divided to flexibility of the materials, the tangible and intangible feelings of the consumer and others. A strong and effective brand is also considered as the one which has the ability to determine the products and services taken on their brands. It can be said that one of the characteristics of a strong and effective brand has the ability to appeal to its target market, and has the ability to become memorable among customers. Furthermore, a strong and effective brand also offers a unique image which separates it from other competing products or services. It can be noted that a company with a strong brand enables a specific service or product to distinguish itself from its rivals. From the study conducted in which 101 companies have been surveyed, the participants of the study revealed that having a strong and effective brand are indeed important to the success of the company and products, specifically new launches (Kohli & McBahn 1997). In addition, it is said that strong and effective brand has the ability to make statements to other audience. Having a strong and effective brand enables the company to have a short-hand communication of what the organisation is and what it offers. Strong and effective brand create social acceptance and instant mutual recognition among their clients. By having a strong and effective brand image, organisations can have the ability to relay to relay to the clients their intended market expression for the products or services they offer. Most likely, target market tends to buy strong and quality or effective branded products and as time go by, this branding change use-value with image value. Furthermore, it can be said that the key component of a strong brand is based on the initiation of an integrated approach in which industries are able to convey what they can offer relative to the competition, do what they are offering to the market and confirm it through consistent practice (Cai & Hobson, 2004). Accordingly, having a strong and effective brand and image to attain competitive advantage in the global market and to sustain its strengths and effectiveness, the management of the company must be able to give value to the capabilities of the brand (Nguyen and LeBlanc (2001). In an organisation, having a strong brand is attributed to having quality products or services. In this regard, the company must be able to provide a pleasant experience for target market to establish a strong and competitive brand image which may lead to their competitive advantage. It is said that the strength of the brand can be established once the company is able to consistently provide the target market quality products and services. In a study conducted by Kim, Kim, and An (2003), they have stressed that a strong and effective brand image has the ability to meet the specific needs of the consumer and achieved consumer-based brand equity. Strong and effective brand image has the ability to influence the development of customer base of each of the company as well as the consequent enhancement in brand’s financial performance. One of the significant characteristics of a strong brand has the ability to meet the viewpoint of the clients. Furthermore, a strong brand and effective brand has the ability to convey and update their information on the current trends in market demand and has the ability to formulate a strategy to sustain its strengths and effectiveness through customer satisfaction. Strong brand has the ability to provide total customer satisfaction which was developed within the company from knowing that most of the target markets are trying to find products which have been used by other people based on its name alone. Another characteristic of a strong and effective brand is its ability to reach the feelings that clients and other establishments have about the company with regards to the evaluation and assessment of other competing brands. In doing so, the management or the company handling the brands must be able to reach the clients through marketing activities like advertising and promotions. Having a strong and effective image means that the brand has the ability to maintain and sustain their competitive advantage. These brands has the ability to maintain such image in the marketplace since a negative change for a brand name may decrease in target market and consequently of revenue. It is said that it takes twice as hard to rebuild a good and effective brand image rather than initially building it.