Globalizations Eclipse of the Nation-State

Globalization can be defined by five main criteria: internationalization, liberalization, universalization, Westernization, and deterritorialization. Internationalization is where nation states are now considered less important as their power is diminishing. Liberalization is the concept where numerous trade barriers have been removed, creating freedom of movement. Globalization has created a world where everyone wants to be the same, which is known as universalization. Westernization has led to the creation of a global world model from a Western perspective while deterritorialization has led to territories and boundaries being lost. Perspectives on Globalization There are six main perspectives that have arisen over the concept of globalization; these are hyper-globalists who believe globalization is everywhere and skeptics who believe globalization is an exaggeration which is no different from the past. Also, some believe that globalization is a process of gradual change and cosmopolitan writers think the world is becoming global as people are becoming global. There are also people who believe in globalization as imperialism, meaning it is an enrichment process deriving from the Western world and there is a new perspective called de-globalization where some people conclude globalization is beginning to break up. It is believed by many that globalization led to inequalities around the world and has reduced the power of nation states to manage their own economies. Mackinnon and Cumbers state Globalization is one of the key forces reshaping the geography of economic activity, driven by multinational corporations, financial institutions, and international economic organizations. Globalization is seen to cause inequalities due to the polarisation of income, as many laborers are being exploited and working under the minimum wage whilst others are working in high paying jobs. This failure of globalization to stop world poverty is becoming increasingly important. Many argue that transnational corporations have made international poverty worse. There are those who argue that globalisation creates winners and losers, as some countries prosper, mainly European countries and America, whilst other countries fail to do well. For example, the USA and Europe fund their own agricultural industries heavily so less economically developed countries get priced outof certain markets; even though they should theoretically have an economic advantage as their wages are lower. Some believe globalization has no significant consequences for less-developed countries income. Neo-liberalists believe that since the end of Bretton Woods in 1971, globalization has generated more mutual benefits than conflicting interests. However, globalization has also caused many so-called prosperous countries to have huge inequality gaps, for example, the United States and the United Kingdom, because being globally successful comes at a price. Nation States Role Diminishing Globalization led to a significant rise of multinational corporations which many believe undermined the ability of states to manage their own economies. Multinational corporations integrate national economies into global networks; therefore nation states no longer have total control over their economies. Multinational corporations have expanded drastically, the top 500 corporations now control almost one-third of global GNP and 76% of world trade. These multinational corporations, such as Standard Poors, are admired but also feared by nation states for their immense power. Multinational corporations, such as Coca-Cola, wield great global power and authority as they effectively place a claim on the host nation state. Since 1960 new technologies have developed at a rapid rate, compared to the previous fundamental shifts which lasted for two hundred years. These current shifts mean that states can no longer successfully manage the changes caused by globalization. Trade blocs, such as NAFTA, reduce nation states management over their economy. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have a huge impact on a nations economy, therefore weakening its security and independence. Overall, globalization has diminished the nation states ability to manage its economy. Globalization within the neoliberal agenda has provided nation states with a new, minimalist role. It appears that nation states have little choice but to give away their independence to the demands of globalisation, as a cutthroat, competitive environment has now been formed. Whilst many argue that the nation states role in managing its economy is diminishing, some reject this and believe the state still remains the most dominant force in shaping its economy. Nation states implement policies to expose their economies more or less so to the international financial markets, meaning they can control their responses to globalization Therefore, it can be said that strong, efficient nation states help shape globalization. Some believe nation states are pivotal institutions and argue that globalization has not led to a reduction in nation state power but has altered the situation under which the nation state power is executed. Conclusion Overall, the nation states power can be said to be diminishing in order to manage its economy due to the effects of globalisation. However, some could question if the nation state has ever been fully economically independent. The answer to this is hard to determine however this would not appear to be the case, therefore, it could be said that globalization has not lessened the power of nation states but changed the conditions under which their power is executed. The process of globalization, in the form of both the internationalization of capital and the growth of global and regionalized forms of spatial governance, challenge the ability of the nation-state effectively to practise its claim to a sovereign monopoly. This increased the powers of multinational corporations, which challenge the nation states power. Ultimately, most believe nation states power has diminished but it is wrong to state that it no longer has an influence over the impacts of globalisation. Sources Dean, Gary. Globalisation and the Nation-State.Held, David and Anthony McGrew. Globalization. polity.co.uk.Mackinnon, Danny and  Andrew Cumbers. An introduction to Economic Geography. Prentice Hall, London: 2007.

Role of Espionage in American History Essay example

Role of Espionage in American History Knowledge is power. It is as simple as that. Espionage is the secret gathering of information, often referred to as intelligence. Intelligence refers to the processed information needed to make any decision. This could be used for business, military, economic, or political decisions. More often than not, this term refers to domestic or foreign policy of a country. Espionage is illegal in all countries, yet all countries have some form of espionage organization. The first espionage act was recorded 2500 years ago. The first book on espionage, The Art of War was written by a Chinese emperor/general Sun Tzu in about 500 BC. There is another type of espionage, counter-espionage. This is the†¦show more content†¦Revere participated in the Boston Tea Party raid, along side John Hancock and John Adams. After this, Revere became a messenger from town to town delivering intelligence. His usual ride was a ten-day trek from Philadelphia to Boston. His greatest accomplishment is his fam ous â€Å"Midnight Ride.† His trip was not all on horseback though. Before he could start his ride, Revere had to cross the Charles River. He had to be deathly quiet, so as not to alert the British ship ever so close. When he reached shore, he rode to his girlfriend’s house, and she threw him a warm, freshly sewn coat. Then he began his ride to Lexington, awaking everyone in his path to alert the coming of British forces. For the early Revolutionary War this action was critical. If not for Paul Revere, there would be no Battle of Lexington, and the war would have began somewhere else, if ever (Foley 15-30) Nathan Hale is also another Revolutionary War spy. Hale became a martyr to the war cause. Hale was the captain in the colonial army. Word was sent from George Washington to Hale’s commander expressing his need for intelligence. No one would volunteer for the job. 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HAARP is an extremely low frequency radio wave gen Essay Example For Students

HAARP is an extremely low frequency radio wave gen Essay erator. It stands for High Frequency Active AuroralResearch Program. It is a massive antennae array up in Alaska on the Copper River Basin. Its altitudefluctuates between 1000 and 3000 feet above sea level. It is operated by the US military, morespecifically the Navy and Air Force. It operates between 2.8 and 10 MHz. It was also voted one of the 10most under reported news stories of the year by journalists. Scientific Perspectives- HAARP is an HF (High Frequency) generator. It generates frequencys directly above the AM band andbelow the VHF (Very High Frequency) or TV band. It will zap the Ionosphere which is between 40 and 600miles above the earths surface. The ionosphere helps to shield out electromagnetic waves from space thatare harmful to life on earth. There are other ionospheric heaters located throughout the world. Thisspecific one differs though from the others in that it concentrates all the energy on one specific spot. This cause a wide beam to focus in on a small area like when you use a piece of glass to start a fire. The others start as a small beam and grows into a bigger area causing the amount of the beam to hit anarea to be weaker than when it starts out. The electromagnetic waves then bounce off the ionosphere andradiate back down on the earth. These waves penetrate down to the bottom of the ocean depths. The HAARPproject is expected to generate over 1 billion watts when i!t is completed. It is capable of delivering one watt per square centimeter which can cause the ionosphereto increase and decrease in altitude. Weather modification is also theoretically possible with HAARP. It can cause one of earths majorweather modifiers, the jet stream, to change in direction by causing plumes of atmospheric particles. Another effect is the possibility of raising or lowering large amounts of the earths atmosphere. Thiscould cause certain areas of the atmosphere to be filled with air or depleted of air. Large amounts ofenergy could possibly be sent great distances with this technology. Another technological possibility isto spray large areas of the earth with varying wave frequencies and change the frequency. This includesbombarding the frequency of the one that the human brains operate on. You can then cause people to feel acertain way. People can also be disoriented by this procedure. Technological Perspectives- Many of HAARPs functions are geared to the military. The ability to send electromagnetic waves downto the depths of the ocean could help to setup a worldwide system of communication with submarines. Thiswould allow submarines to stay at great depths without having to ascend and risk giving away theirposition when communicating. Another possibility is the defense of a nations airspace by causing theatmosphere to group up in certain areas and increase the drag for non-guided missiles. This causes theirspeed to be affected by the friction increase. The missile will then possibly fall short of its targetor run out of fuel. A defense against guided missiles is to bombard it with large amounts of energy ofdifferent frequencies. This can cause the missile to become disoriented and cant distinguish betweenwhich signal is the correct one. This effect can also be used on air planes. It can cause the instrumentsand electronics to become corrupted. They also can becom e o!verloaded and stop working properly. Brain waves can also be altered and mimicked. This can possibly andtheoretically done with HAARP. The operators can cause great amounts of population to be made to think acertain way. This is done by altering the brains wave lengths. As of now you cant put specific thoughtsinto someones head. You can only cause people to feel certain feelings such as sadness, happiness ordepression. This could be used to control a population by making them feel a certain way anytime acertain thing happens, such as liking a president everytime he makes a speech because you always feelgood during and afterwards his speech. This can also be used as crowd control. This is done by makingpeople disoriented. They are then more easily controlled. Weather can be controlled by HAARP also. This is done by raising or lowering the pressure in acertain area. The jet stream can also be manipulated to take an instructed route. Both of theseprocedures can cause certain areas to have more clouds or rain or wind and so on. Ecological Perspective- There is a large amount of backlash against HAARP. This is extremely so in Alaska. The best knowngroup is NO HAARP. People are scared that this could superheat the ionosphere. The other ionosphericheaters, which the military always compares HAARP to, are only a fraction of the size of HAARP. Thepossible consequences of HAARP are extremely frightening. The ionosphere protects us at the moment fromelectromagnetic wave from outer space. All the animals on earth would be greatly harmed by the massiveamount of electromagnetic waves. The military claims that it is safe to heat the ionosphere to the levelsthat it will be heated to. There is not much evidence to support either side though. Another problem is the possibility of confusing pilots. The frequencies emitted can cause electronicequipment to malfunction. This could great big jumbo jets or small planes to get off track or evenpossibly crash due to electronic ma lfunction. There is also a danger of emitting large amount ofelectricity and electromagnet waves on people. This would happen to the majority of people in the northwestern US and western Canada. .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 , .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .postImageUrl , .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 , .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28:hover , .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28:visited , .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28:active { border:0!important; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28:active , .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28 .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u84e579d61e399e2b7f0946ad900f3a28:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What are the chief aspects of their relationship a EssayEconomic Perspective- There is a lot of money to be made by some companys. HAARP costs a lot of money to keep powered. Thecompany APTI (ARCO Power Technologies Incorporated) which is a subsidy of Atlantic Richfield Companybuilt HAARP. Massive amounts of money could be made by beaming large amounts of electricity withoutwires. A small plane has been able to fly for over 100 straight days at an altitude of approximately50,000 feet using electricity beamed to it. Another suspected reason that Atlantic Richfield Companywanted HAARP to be built where it is is because of the massive natural gas fields up there. They werestu ck with a huge natural gas deposit. It is in a remote location and would cost a large amount of moneyto build a pipeline. If HAARP is there then they knew there would also be a huge demand for the gas. Thiswould allow them to develop the gas field at a reasonable cost. Political Perspectives- The HAARP project is extremely political. In its early years HAARP was a black budget project. Blackbudget projects are ones that arent specifically mentioned in the budget but somehow manage to receivefunding. They are extremely secretive projects. One suspected reason the government likes it but has todeny it is because it is a way to build a cheaper version of Star Wars. Star Wars is the project thatwas proposed to put satellites in space to protect against nuclear weapons. Another reason is that theycan change the weather for good or bad. There is a possible chance that famine could be caused in acountry that they are at war with. This would be extremely helpful in starving the opposing arm y andcausing civil unrest. The possibility of mind control is also an appealing idea to most governments. Thegovernment of course denies it but it is a very real danger. There is evidence to support that theRussians did tests and experiments of mind control on Americ!ans. This was rumored to be done with a similar but less powerful ionispheric heater. Bibliography-Internet-http://www.kalamark.com/Kal_Dir/haarp.htmlhttp://server5550.itd.nrl.navy.mil/projects/haarp/toc.htmlBooks-Angels Dont Play This HAARPby Dr Nick Begich and Jeane Manning

Islam Essays (1376 words) - Jihad, Hizb Ut-Tahrir,

Islam Mr. Elmasry said there are bad Muslims just as there are bad Christians and Jews. "We treat them as such and so should you. But Islam is a religion of peace. Muslims have a religious duty to be tolerant of other faiths and other ideologies.'' Mr. Elmasry said journalists need to differentiate between the peaceful teachings of Islam and the claims of some Muslim extremists that their actions are justified by their interpretations of Islam. He likened the situation of Canadian Muslims today to that of Canadian Jews 50 years ago. "Jewish children were being (wrongly) called Christ-killers just as Muslim children are called terrorists today.'' In their letter to the editor in the April 27 issue of the College Hill Independent, Jumana Musa and Shadi Nahvi made some excellent points. They rightly asserted that the Western press tends to portray Arabs and Muslims according to stereotypes and these myths persist partly due to Western popular ignorance about Arabs and Muslims. Since the Muslims students at Brown condemned the bombing of a Tel Aviv bus last year, I am learning to separate the handful of Muslim and Arab extremists who commit terrorist attacks against Israeli and Jewish civilians from the millions of Muslim believers who do not participate in this violence and sometimes express opposition to it. Since I began interacting with Muslims students through the kosher/hallal meal plan this year, I am changing my perceptions of Muslims and seeing them as people instead of abstractions. I think that many, many people in the United States and in western countries, in Europe, are afraid of a monster called Islam. And as the honorable Congressman Dana Rohrabacher said, it is an insult to consider the whole of Muslims, to take them into one side, and make them extremists. Really it is not correct. It is a little bit insulting. What is the definition of extremism? We can see in all of history: even when the first settlers came to the United States they were from different countries; Spain, England, France, European Countries. They were fighting on this land and fighting with the Indians. Do we call this extremism? A fight for a better living, which you understand you are doing not for a religious motive, is not extremism. Extremism in Islam, or in religion, is when you use religion to label intolerance, to turn from religion and take ideas that you can extract for yourself, or deduce for yourself, and use to make a militant movement and disturb the peace in your country or around the world. That is called "extremism," and "Islamic Extremism." But a movement for better living, that is not extremism. These people nowadays are developing two ways of understanding the situation of Islam. From one side they think that they have to reform it; it is a duty on them, they have been brainwashed to think that they have to cleanse the world of devils and demons and of countries that suppress them, oppress them, and try to shut them down. Logicians argue that one cannot pass a judgment on something unless one has a clear conception of it, because the unknown and the undefined cannot be judged. Therefore, we first have to determine what "religious ,extremism" means before we can condemn or applaud it. We can do so by considering its reality and its most distinguishing characteristics. Literally, extremism means being situated at the farthest possible point from the center. Figuratively, it indicates a similar remoteness in religion and thought, as well as behavior. One of the main consequences of extremism is exposure to danger and insecurity.! Islam, therefore, recommends moderation and balance in everything: in belief, ibadah, conduct, and legislation. Islam is frequently misunderstood and may even seem exotic in some parts of today's world. Perhaps this is because religion no longer dominates everyday life in Western society; whereas, for Muslims, Islam is life. Muslims make no artificial division between the secular and the sacred. bin laden: "The treacherous attack has confirmed that Britain and America are acting on behalf of Israel and the Jews, paving the way for the Jews to divide the Muslim world once again, enslave it and loot the rest of its wealth," the US magazine quotes bin Laden saying. What particularly interested me in the report was the military demand that terrorism be eliminated and extremism be abolished. Both terrorism and extremism, however, seem to include, at least in their minds, most of the features of normal Muslim life. Following this line of reasoning, extremism and Islam become two faces