What Are Carbon Nanotubes

Scientists dont know everything about carbon nanotubes or CNTs for short, but they do know that they are very thin lightweight hollow tubes made up of carbon atoms. A carbon nanotube is like a sheet of graphite that is rolled into a cylinder, with distinctive hexagonal latticework making up the sheet. Carbon nanotubes are extremely small; the diameter of one carbon nanotube is one nanometer, which is one ten-thousandth (1/10,000) the diameter of a human hair. Carbon nanotubes can be produced to varying lengths. Carbon nanotubes are classified according to their structures: single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs), double-wall nanotubes (DWNTs), and multi-wall nanotubes (MWNTs). The different structures have individual properties that make the nanotubes appropriate for different applications. Because of their unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, carbon nanotubes present exciting opportunities for scientific research and industrial and commercial applications. There is much potential for CNTs in the composites industry. How Are Carbon Nanotubes Made? Candle flames form carbon nanotubes naturally. In order to use carbon nanotubes in research and in the development of manufactured goods, however, scientists developed more reliable methods of production. While a number of production methods are in use, chemical vapor deposition, arc discharge, and laser ablation are the three most common methods of producing carbon nanotubes. In chemical vapor deposition, carbon nanotubes are grown from metal nanoparticle seeds sprinkled on a substrate and heated to 700 degrees Celsius (1292 degrees Fahrenheit). Two gases introduced into the process start the formation of the nanotubes. (Because of reactivity between the metals and electric circuitry, zirconium oxide is sometimes used in place of metal for the nanoparticle seeds.) Chemical vapor deposition is the most popular method for commercial production. Arc discharge was the first method used for synthesizing carbon nanotubes. Two carbon rods placed end-to-end are arc vaporized to form the carbon nanotubes. While this is a simple method, the carbon nanotubes must be further separated from the vapor and soot. Laser ablation pairs a pulsing laser and an inert gas at high temperatures. The pulsed laser vaporizes the graphite, forming carbon nanotubes from the vapors. Like with the arc discharge method, the carbon nanotubes have to be further purified. Advantages of Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes have a number of valuable and unique properties, including: High thermal and electrical conductivityOptical propertiesFlexibilityIncreased StiffnessHigh tensile strength (100 times stronger than steel per unit of weight)LightweightRange of electro-conductivityAbility to be manipulated yet remain strong When applied to products, these properties provide tremendous advantages.  For example, when used in polymers, bulk carbon nanotubes can improve the electrical, thermal, and electrical properties of the products. Applications and Uses Today, carbon nanotubes find application in many different products, and researchers continue to explore creative new applications. Current applications include: Bicycle componentsWind turbinesFlat panel displaysScanning probe microscopesSensing devicesMarine paintsSports equipment, such as skis, baseball bats, hockey sticks, archery arrows, and surfboardsElectrical circuitryBatteries with longer lifetimeElectronics Future uses of carbon nanotubes may include: Clothing (stab-proof and bulletproof)Semiconductor materialsSpacecraftSpace elevatorsSolar panelsCancer treatmentTouch screensEnergy storageOpticsRadarBiofuelLCDsSubmicroscopic test tubes While high production costs currently limit commercial applications, the possibilities for new production methods and applications are encouraging. As understanding of carbon nanotubes expands, so will their uses. Because of their unique combination of important properties, carbon nanotubes have the potential for revolutionizing not only daily life but also scientific exploration and healthcare. Possible Health Risks of Carbon Nanotubes CNTs are a very new material with little long term history. Although none have yet fallen ill as a result of nanotubes,  scientists are preaching caution when handling nano particles. Humans have cells that can process out toxic and foreign particles such as smoke particles. However, if a certain foreign particle is either too big or too small, the body might not be able to capture and process out that particle. This was the case with asbestos. The potential health risks are not cause for alarm, however, people handling and working with carbon nanotubes should take the necessary precautions to avoid exposure.

Organizational Behavior - 5621 Words

Chapter 1 - The Field of Organizational Behavior Multiple Choice Questions 1. Pharmacia is an example of a company that: a. experienced culture clashes as a result of a merger. b. ignored technological advances to its harm. c. is a great employer in terms of human resources, but an unprofitable company. d. focused on balance sheets rather than human resources. Answer a Page 2 2. _____ is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together to meet some agreed-upon objective. a. An open system b. An organization c. A work team d. Scientific management Answer b Page 3 3. Organizational behavior: a. is a social science that examines people’s behavior in society,†¦show more content†¦The only way to get people to work hard is to push them. d. Focus on organizations and people will take care of themselves. Answer b Page 9 15. The perspective suggesting that organizational behavior is affected by a large number of interacting individual, situational, and organizational factors is: a. the contingency approach to OB. b. classical management theory. c. Theory X and Theory Y. d. an organizational change perspective. Answer a Page 9 16. A drawback of a contingency perspective is: a. in its rigidity. b. its rejection of the scientific method. c. different situations produce different answers. d. its poor accuracy and high complexity in the answers it provides. Answer c Page 9 17. Which of the following strategies would Frederick Taylor recommend to improve productivity? a. Paying workers a salary or hourly wage. b. Improving worker job satisfaction. c. Implementing a program of careful selection and training of all employees. d. Expanding job responsibilities for each worker. Answer c Page 10 18. Time-and-motion studies: a. look at visual perception and performance. b. try to find the best way to perform jobs by streamlining individual movements. c. try to find ways to humanize the jobs of people. d. focus on improving work group coordination. Answer b Page 10 19. ____ conducted the time-and-motion studies to classify andShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior4841 Words   |  20 PagesTable of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. 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Chemicals and Pesticides Found in the Great Lakes Essay

The chemicals found in water can be dangerous toward our health. We live near the Great Lakes which supplies 20% of the World’s fresh water. It also has chemicals that threaten the life evolving around the fresh water. There are medical drugs that are being introduced to the fresh water lakes. Stuff like antibiotics and steroids. These pharmaceuticals are posing danger for the environment. This could affect the lake life,s growth. Pesticides are also found in the Great Lakes. These pesticides are made up of dangerous chemicals like toxaphene and chlordane. The rain transports the pesticides from crops to bodies of water like the Great Lakes. They are then absorbed by phytoplankton and it moves up the food chain from there. Pesticides†¦show more content†¦Cadmium is dangerous because it can cause kidney failure. It travels in the blood toward the liver where it shares bonds with proteins. It then travels to the kidneys where it can gather. The most polluted lake is in Russia. It is called Lake Karachay. It can kill within an hour of being near its vicinity. It was the place where russia dumped all of its radioactivity. The lake now posses caesium-137 and strontium-90. powder is produce from caesium because it can easily bond with chlorides. Strontium-90 also produces a large amount of radiation with a half life of just under 30 years. Many residents were uninformed of the radioactivity and drank the lake water. Leukemia risen over 40% and cancer risen over 20%. This was around the surrounding vicinity. It also cause a rise in birth defects. The Yangtze river flows through Asia. It is the third largest river in the world. It sustains a population of 400 million people. Its fish has been reported to contain alkylphenols and perfluorinated compounds. These are artificial compounds that are no good for the environment. Alkylphenols can disrupt sexual growth. Perfluorinated compounds can lower sperm percentages in humans. 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Playing Second Fiddle free essay sample

I fiddle in the bathroom. I started this arguably unique behavior some time ago so I could watch my bowing in the mirror. Now I play there because the bathroom is at the far end of the house. That way, there are two closed doors and one complete room between me and the rest of civilization. To my parents credit, they have, over the years, paid for and taken me to countless lessons and other musical events. But sometimes they get a little tired of hearing me practice the same tune three dozen times in half an hour. Even so, I am sure fiddle tunes are easier on the ear than snare drum etudes, sounds that were common in our house not too long ago. At my high school, marching band is king. I started playing percussion as a sixth grader. Early in my freshman year of high school, I was band member of the week and became the first-chair percussionist in the top band. We will write a custom essay sample on Playing Second Fiddle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My teachers were telling me I really had a future as a percussionist. I participated in numerous honor bands and clinics, where I was always the only girl in my section. At school, I was good friends with the boys and the couple of girls in percussion, but at these bands, everything was different. It was obvious to me that people at first wondered what I was doing there. These drummers were hard-core: the ones who tapped constantly and had contests to see who could play the fastest buzz-roll. I was told more than once by both them and by visiting directors that I should let the boys play the most important parts because I looked too small and timid. I always had to prove that I could hold my own. Because I was different, I learned to stand up for myself, and to play what I wanted to play. But being in a successful, very competitive band came at a price, especially for drummers during marching season. I had rehearsals or performances five days a week, several hours each day. I w as happy, but other types of music were pulling me away. I had been playing violin and fiddle for a while, but I realized I really wanted to play in an orchestra and be more involved in bluegrass music. Unfortunately, I didnt have time to do these things and still play in the band at school. Could I give up something I was quite good at to literally play second fiddle? After much anguished contemplation, I finally decided to quit band. Two years later, I am playing in my citys youth orchestra and taking fiddle lessons from an accomplished bluegrass musician. With her help, I am also learning to play the banjo and guitar, and have even been writing my own songs. Although I cant say I dont miss percussion, I think I have found my niche in the musical world. Oscar Wilde was very wise in saying that he regretted losing his individuality. This is especially commendable considering he lived during a time when being different was somewhat looked down upon. All Englishmen were supposed to l ook and act a certain way, and Wilde wanted to be an Englishman while still being himself. In twenty-first century America, being an individual can still be hard. Being true to myself came at a cost because I couldnt find within the rules of my school marching band a way to do it all. In my life after high school, I am hopeful I will find the encouragement to play any instrument. But in the meantime, Ive learned that being true to oneself requires making choices that I am willing to make.